Food Fantastic Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food Fantastic Company - Essay Example Nourishments Fantastic Company is a traded on an open market basic food item chain with a chain of 50 stores in the US.The organization has grasped innovation by and large and utilizations cutting edge applications to screen stock and keep up its bookkeeping books An ITGC audit is essential in light of how much the organization is subject to the information delivered by its data frameworks for bookkeeping and dynamic. Reason: The motivation behind an ITGC survey is to guarantee the unwavering quality, consistency and security of a data framework that is being utilized as a wellspring of data and legitimate representing bookkeeping purposes. The thought behind an ITGC audit is to check the information input streams for reliability as it will establish a lawful remaining of the organization. What's more, the audit will cover parts of misrepresentation, security, back-dated sections and different provisos that can be utilized for fakes or unapproved access to secret information. Extensi on: The extent of this review and survey is restricted to the surface hazard evaluation of the controls utilized by FFC. Also, it covers just the standard data framework which is utilized for detailing and dynamic. Some other outsider frameworks are not shrouded in this audit as long as they don't have any effect on budgetary announcing. Additionally, the audit has been led as per the rules characterized and acknowledged as universal accepted procedures for ITGC. Discoveries: The data framework control systems at Foods Fantastic Company don't satisfy the guidelines of what can be named as the prescribed procedures in the business.

“Competing for the Future” by Gary Hamel and C K Pralahad

The book, â€Å"Competing for the future† brings into fore the conversation of compelling vital administration as a way towards the foundation of effective associations and organizations for what's to come. In addition, the book's goal is to make manners by which pioneers, explicitly directors, can help lead the way towards the creation and advancement of a successful methodology plan for the association. The way towards the future, nonetheless, ought not be misjudged as a ‘race' in which associations or organizations must take part in. What Hamel and Pralahad brought into center is the idea of the race towards the future, and this was suitably expressed in the book (25): There isn't one future however hundreds. There is no law that says most organizations must be devotees. Getting to the future initially isn't just about surpassing contenders keen on arriving at a similar prize. It is likewise about having one's own perspective on what the prize is. There can be the same number of prizes as runners†¦In business†¦what recognizes pioneers from slow pokes, and enormity from average quality, is the capacity to exceptionally envision what could be. Given this proposition of the book, the writers started their conversation by clarifying that in vital arranging, individuals from the association must have a ‘vision,' the capacity to envision things past the extent of the real world. That is, associations and organizations should likewise ‘dream,' make aspirations that have not been constantly viewed as â€Å"realistic,† yet plausible enough to be cultivated given the technique is very much idea out and viably executed (145). Obviously, consider that the procedure towards the foundation of a successful key arrangement is to unite all individuals from the association, on the grounds that to designate the errand to a particular gathering would mean foresightedness in the piece of the supervisor. The creators suggest that for full cooperation among individuals in the association become potential, supervisors should plan to make every part instructed about the entire procedure where the association/organization works (146). Correcting individuals/representatives guarantees that they can see how the association/organization works, and can give proposals or suggestions that can be helpful not exclusively to one office or segment of the association, yet additionally to the entire association. The procedure depicted above represents the creators' perspective on what â€Å"resource leverage† ought to be: an affirmation of the association's current assets, and what can be produced as new assets from these current ones. In this manner, getting influence on assets might be practiced through joining, focusing on, mining, mixing, adjusting, reusing, co-picking, and securing these assets (160-173). Focal likewise to the conversation of key administration is setting up an associations ‘core skills.' The creators characterize center abilities as those exercises that are a â€Å"integral part of the procedure of general management† (225). This doesn't just incorporate explicit items or potentially exercises, yet all exercises and items must be considered as potential center competency. The greater and progressively troublesome errand is in distinguishing an association's center skills; without a doubt there would be exercises that particular individuals from the association may consider as center, however the creators explain that these exercises turns into a center competency when it is an unavoidable and basic piece of the association's every day exercises and tasks (226). Coordinating together the writers' suggestions, â€Å"Competing for the future† brings into light how supervisors have the chief objective of making methodologies that incorporates the considerations communicated in the book. This incorporates making the â€Å"big dream,† opening up to the likelihood that driven objectives moves organizations and association towards the front race to the future, reinstructing representatives/individuals about the association's day by day tasks, and recognizing center capabilities in arrangement to the making of a center ability motivation.

Homer, Alaska :: essays research papers

Where the land closes also, the ocean starts Homer is the center point of the lower Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, a zone exceptionally wealthy in common ponders and recreational prospects. The Kenai Peninsula is an Alaska in scaled down, a blend of mountain and knoll, coastline and island. The foundation of the landmass is the Kenai Mountain Range, which isolates the moving slopes and salmon streams from the Gulf of Alaska and supports the 1,000 square mile Harding Icefield, a trackless inland expanse of 3 million-year-old ice. Around Homer, moving slopes and edges ignore Kachemak Bay and Cook Inlet. Bears, wolves and moose meander the uplands; many types of winged animals assemble each spring to benefit from the mudflats at the leader of the cove. Until the mid 1950s, Homer was open just by pontoon, plane or driving the stony sea shore from Kenai. Cleared street presently strings together the beach front towns of Ninilchik, Anchor Point and Homer, bearing great perspectives on volcanic Mount Iliamna, rising in excess of 10,000 feet over the ocean, and Mount Redoubt, which became dynamic again in 1989 following several times of sleep. Across Kachemak Bay, impressively wealthy in marine life, mountains, icy masses and steep-walled fjords drastically drop into the sea. At the point when enveloped by fog, the thick stands of tidy and hemlock loan an ethereal air to the segregated bays and straights. Seldovia, Nanwalek and Port Graham are tucked away in such protected breaks at the tip of the promontory. The Southern Peninsula offers guests an unrivaled mix of the wild and the pleasant, of incredible life in the midst of prehistoric excellence, where looks at a falcon taking off, a salmon charging the rapids, or a dusk shining the mountain peaks leave impressions that can never blur. Homer's populace has developed to almost 5,000 individuals, and the city fills in as an exchanging and administration community for about 10,000. It has an advanced medical clinic, papers, open and business radio broadcasts, a cinema, flourishing business and game angling armadas, and a secondary school that was regarded in 1989 as truly outstanding in the country. The Kachemak Bay region is expressions of the human experience capital of South-focal Alaska. A great gathering of expert and beginner specialists furnish occupants with workmanship appears, move, music and show consistently. The Homer Council on the Arts additionally routinely brings broadly and universally realized entertainers to Homer. The territory's significant industry is business angling, which siphons almost $30 million every year into the nearby economy.

Extent Concept Of Sustainable Development Implemented - Free Essay Example

The concept of Sustainable Development in the current political climate has gone beyond environmental pollutions. It now encompasses issues in trade, finance, technology just to mention but a few. But this essay concentrates on environmental pollutions as this is a global phenomenon. During the course of compiling this essay, we have examined how the UK is using the legal framework to protect the environment through the use of legislations and standards. Great emphasis is laid on climate change although other issues were examined also. Section one introduces the topic and sets the scene for further investigation. The second section examines the vision of the state in achieving sustainability. The last section examines the role of court in enforcing sustainable development principles through the use of legal and economic instruments. Because of the restrictions on this essay, most topics were not examined in great details. I hope you will find this essay interesting and captivating. Table of Contents Introduction This essay examines one of the greatest challenges of our generation, which is to adopt and establish sustainable development as outlined in the Rio Declaration (1992)  [1]  and planned in agenda 21  [2]  . This Declaration defines sustai nable development as a combination of economic development and environmental protection. Asides its legal remit, the concept of sustainability development has accrued some profound and established scientific, philosophical, political and economic dimensions. The principles of sustainable development  [3]  have not been long in existence and hence, it is undergoing through various reviews as detected by the science of law and its application through judicial review and court processes. Sustainable development aims at solving some social problems which are rapidly becoming serious threat to the environment and the inhabitants of the environments. One of the greatest social problems of our age is Global Change which has led to the Environmental Crisis and has been moving very speedily to its thresholds of irreversibility. Hence, sustainable development has come up with some mitigation packages to direct and control it through proper global strategies. There has been some crucial re search programmes on Global Change, for instance, IHDP, WCRP, and IGBP, just to mention but a few. These research programmes or studies follow the normal slow pace of science, but unfortunately, the Global Environmental Crisis cannot afford to wait. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers, legislators, politicians, NGOs, and the judiciary to participate actively on the drive as they are the first to lay their hands on the facts and will become the administrators of the problems of sustainability development. The law must face the challenges of sustainable development. The obvious truth today is that, for instance, it is not worthwhile to assess and monitor the cleanliness of the waters, soils, and air, without simultaneously curbing those who are responsible for polluting them. Every citizen should be made to understand and adopt the simple systemic rule that says think Globally and act Locally  [4]  , which stresses the relationship between economic dependency on environm ent and mans protective packages for the environment. This is the time for the decision-makers to realise that sustainable development aims at integrating the principles of protecting the cultural, natural, and social capital in every policy and planning system, be it private or public. The norms and values of sustainable development should form the pillars of any country in both the developed and developing world in order to implement the principles of sustainable development. The legal science should be reviewed so that the law can be effective in controlling and enforcing sustainability. The legal theory should be updated especially in the area of public law so that its legal methods can become sustainable. This essay points out the extent to which the concept of sustainable development is implemented in law. So far they have been various Directives in UK, EU and internationally on Environmental Liability such as Polluter Pays Principles, which will be looked at in subsequent sec tions. The extent to which this is implemented relies on the interpretations and judgements of courts, which are obviously inundated by very wide variety of problems relating to sustainable development. The big question is how do we react? The court can only act within its juridical powers and within the limit of what legislation permits. There have been some measurable successes in some of the developed countries such as the USA, UK, Canada, France, etc which have been made possible through administrative reforms in the past two decades or so. But the extent of measure of success depends on the behaviour of the citizens, organisations, and the States in relation to sustainability paradigm. The prerequisite for achieving sustainable development under this current changing faces of economic climate relies on regulating the environment by developing adequate and effective strategies for managing and protecting the scarce resources. As I mentioned above regarding the successes recor ded by some countries such as the UK  [5]  in the past two decades, this success would not have been achieved without an effective legal system which have been responsible for the development and implementation of environmental standards. These standards have obviously emerged as proportional responses to the growing concern about the environment and the demands to tighten pollution monitoring and controls. In the UK, environmental law have been successfully used to address the public concern about pollution. Most of these environmental laws were inherited during the nineteenth century  [6]  and have actually provided a wide range of statutes and case law that have been used to punish the polluters. With the success of pollution control, environmental laws have facilitated the development of techniques and methodologies that enabled the move from a reactive approach to a more proactive approach to the environment. Strategies that prevent recurrence of pollution problems h ave been developed which are more effective than dealing with the effect of pollution. Examples of these prevention control strategies include environmental impact assessment, environmental standards and integrated pollution controls. This introductory section paves the way to examine the extend to which the concept of sustainable development is implemented by law. The subsequent sections will explore the investigation in more details. The Ultimate Vision of a more Sustainable State The Rio Conference on the Environment (1992) will always be remembered in the history of mankind as the moment that the excessive obsession on economic development that cared less about the effects of such development on the environment was put to an end. This Conference highlights what was being practised at that time or what people thought was development, based on their perception and understanding of economic development. That developmental growth had a corresponding frantic squandering of earths natural resources. The vision of every State was to create an affluent society at the extreme cost of the environment. All the countries of the world were concerned about the gross national income, the stock market and the take home packages at the cost of the environment. In fact, people were very slow to realise that they were loosing the natural benefits such as the water, sun, air, nature and soil that our ancestors enjoyed. People did not realise that the environment is being degr aded by economic activities and land-use planning. It is quite clear that the above vision of affluent society that cared less about the environment had become somewhat faded since scientific data was used to raise awareness of the limits of development. The Stockholm Declaration on the Environment (1992) emerged as a corresponding justice done to the concerns of Systems Scientists and the general public. But the successor of an ideology must be born before the ideology is finally buried. The Rio Conference will always be remembered because it successfully provided mankind with the new vision of Sustainable Development paradigm. This paradigm is not based on quantitative development but on qualitative development principles which put nature and the environment at the centre of its activities while striving hard to create a balance among economic, social and environmental considerations and developments. The previous vision of creating an affluent society has been dropped and the new vision of instituting a more sustainable society has been adopted. Sustainable development protects the built and natural environment, ensuring harmonious coexistence among people, encouraging and establishing good quality of life its citizens. To avoid misinterpretation of the meaning sustainable development, Brundtland (1987)  [7]  , defines Sustainable Development as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations meeting their own needs. This report by Brundtland (1987) was based on integrating environmental objectives with economic and social considerations  [8]  . In summary, the ultimate vision of a more sustainable society propounds a fair and peaceful society that has the ability of not only growing economically, but also establishing the culture of qualitative development. This qualitative development will be governed by modern environmental law which is responsible for the application, implementatio n, regulation and enforcement of sustainable development principles. These modern environmental laws must confront the realities of the environmental crisis. This environmental crisis is reaching its threshold of irreversibility. It could be summarised as downright criminal to be ignorant of it or to underestimate it. Hence, the next section will consider the role of law in sustainable development, in other words, the extent to which sustainable development is implemented in law in the UK. The role of law in sustainable development This section focuses on the role of law in sustainability achievement in the UK. Before I delve into the role of law in achieving sustainable development, it is important to understand the broad definition of law which says that law is not a given and static sum of legal rules, but a dynamic system of legal decisions and acts at numerous and interwoven hierarchical levels, the supreme among which comprises the authoritative decisions of the International Community (in conventional, customary or regulatory form), next the statutory decisions (constitutional rules), and thereafter, on a descending scale, legislative, regulatory, and individual decisions, and finally material acts  [9]  . In the context of law, sustainable development also is not a static sum of rules, but a dynamic system which could be defined as a collection of public policies that are used in social reform. For sustainable development to be established in its totality there must be an effective legal system in place to apply, implement and enforce the principles through the court processes. This quest for a legal system that regulates the activities on the environment led to the development of environmental laws. The Environmental law is not a single unit but a very broad category of laws consisting of laws that were enacted to address specific environmental issues. Environment in the context of sustainable development comprises of the social and physical factors of the surrounding of not only human beings but also that of other creatures. These surroundings include land, water, air, climate, odour, sound, taste, waste management, energy, marine and costal pollution, the biological factors of animals and plants, not excluding cultural values, historical site, aesthetics and monuments. Hence, environmental law could generally be defined as the body of law that contains elements to control the Impact of human activities on the earth and on the health of the general public. Environmen tal law could be divided into two broad categories namely, national environmental law and international environmental law. The relationship between national environmental law and international environmental is actually on the scope that each of the two times of law covers and the purposes for which each of the two categories of law was created. International environmental is a law developed between or among sovereign states to develop standard at the international level and imposes obligations upon state to regulate the behaviours in matters relating to the environment in accordance with international relations. On the other hand, national environmental law applies only within the state and it regulates the relation of citizens among each other and with the executives within the state. A state fulfils its international obligations through an enactment and enforcement of national legislation, standards, and the regulations adopted in order to control the activities that have a damagi ng effect on the environment within a state. At the top of national environmental law is the UKs environmental legislation. Currently, there is a list of key environmental legislation  [10]  for each region of the UK that deals with specific environmental issues. The Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) website stores a database of an original legislation on each specific environmental problem in England. These legislations provide useful guide to businesses regarding the environmental and land use activities. Some of this legislation that governs England would be considered next. English Air Legislation This legislation is used to enforce sustainable development principles as it controls and monitors emission of gases, dark smoke and other airborne pollutants that harms or reduces the quality of the atmosphere. This introduces environmental permitting and authorising regimes and also, through the framework, promotes financial incentives to reward people or businesses that switch to less-polluting ways of working  [11]  . There are two very important Acts under this category and they are: Clean Air Act 1993  [12]  and Climate Change Act 2008  [13]  . Clean Air Act 1993 bans releasing of dark smoke from chimneys and furnaces into the atmosphere. It also sets the minimum chimney heights and creates smoke control zones. The Climate Change Act 2008 sets 2050  [14]  as the target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It provides outlines for a carbon budgeting system, establishes greenhouse gas emission trading schemes, encourages financial incentives for businesses in order to reduce their waste and recycle their waste more and also gives powers to charge for single use bags. This Act has been adopted and enforced by most of the big business operators and some of the small business owners in England. The number of businesses charging for single use bags will keep increasing everyday as more awareness is being raised. For instance, Lidl supermarket stores charge for both single use and multiple use bags. The above legislations led to the development and adoption of many regulations at the lower level of hierarchy in order to enforce the legislation. The table below lists and briefly explains the scope of few of the regulations. Regulation Purpose Climate Change Agreements (Eligible Facilities) Regulations 2001 SI 662  [15] This regulation outlines the eligibility criteria for an installation or site to be include in the Climate Change Agreement. This regulation stipulates that at least 90% of the energy supplied to it will be used within the site. Climate Change Agreements (Eligible Facilities) Regulations 2006 SI 60  [16] This regulation expands the types of activities of energy-intensive businesses and sites that can claim Climate Change Levy at a reduced rate. Climate Change Agreements (Energy-intensive Installations) Regulation 2006 SI 59  [17] This regulation specifies which energy-intensive installations are entitled to claim the reduced rate of Climate Change Levy. Climate Change Levy (General) Regulations 2001 SI 838  [18] This is a charge on the supplies of electricity, gas and solid fuels. It sets out who this charge applies to and who is exempted from it. It also sets out what is taxable, the registration procedures, returns and tax credits. Crop Residues (Burning) (England and Wales) Regulations 1993 SI 1366  [19] This regulation is used to ban the burning of residues from crops on agricultural land (with exceptions). It also restricts the burning of linseed and ot her specified crops, and sets the conditions for the size and timings of burning. NEW CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Order 2010 SI 768  [20] This introduces a new energy efficiency scheme in the UK which is designed to reduce carbon emission from public and private sector organisations that consume large amount of electricity, gas and other fuels. Environmental Protection (Controls on Ozone-Depletion Substances) Regulations 2002 SI 528  [21] This controls the production, marketing, use of, trade-in, emissions and transport of specified ozone-depleting substances. Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas Regulation 2009 SI 261  [22] This regulation supersedes fluorinated greenhouse gas regulation 2008. It makes it an offence and imposes penalties for not complying with the recovery of f-gases legislation, labelling, qualifications and certificates required o work with products or equipment containing them. Renewable Transport Fuel Obligations Order 2009 SI 843  [23] T his propounds that the road vehicle fuel suppliers must produce a certificate showing that a proportion of their fuel is renewable and this proportion increase every year until 2013. English Water Legislation This legislation aims to control the quality of water in England. It includes discharges to sewers, groundwater and surface water, water abstraction and impounding and protects water against nitrate pollution from agriculture  [24]  . I will briefly look at two Acts under water legislation, they are: Water Resources Act 1991  [25]  and Water Act 2003  [26]  . Water Resources Act 1991 was set up to conserve, manage and control water resources pollution, abstraction and impounding and ensures that offences for contravening it are dealt with accordingly. It also organises flood defences. Water Act 2003 sets out the framework requiring possession of licenses for water abstraction. It regulates impoundments. This Act increased competition in supplying of water and introduces measures for drought management and flood defence work in England and Wales. There are a long lists of regulations used to control pollution of water resources aimed at making water safe for con sumption for human beings and other living organisms. These regulations will not be covered in this essay. Another legislation of a significant importance is the English Waste Legislation. This legislation controls the generation, transportation and disposal of waste within the European Union and the shipment of waste into and out of the EU. It includes controlled waste, duty of care, registration of carriers and brokers, environmental permitting, landfill, hazardous waste, producer responsibility, package waste, end-of-life vehicles, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the transfrontier shipment of waste  [27]  . There are quite a number of Acts and regulations covering waste management such as Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005  [28]  , Controlled Waste Regulations 1992 SI 588  [29]  just to mention but a few. In conclusion on how legislations and regulations are being used as legal instruments to promote and enforce sustainable develo pment in particular and the environment in general, it is worth noting the following legislations: English chemicals legislation, English land legislation, English noise and statutory nuisance legislation, English radioactive substance legislation and last but not the least, English environmental permitting legislation  [30]  . These legislations together with the accompanying regulations and Orders have been enforced through court processes by the use of civil and criminal law cases and the Polluter Pays Principle. Further down on the hierarchical level of control is the use of standards in regulating the environment. In the UK, the methodology of standard-setting provides an explanation on the issue of using law, science and economic instruments combined together to protect the environment and consequently, promote sustainable development. The Royal Commission is responsible for setting standards in the UK and it estimates that four fifths of UK environmental legislation or iginates from the pioneering efforts of the European Union  [31]  . The EU has adopted the Precautionary Principle which serves as the basis for preventative action rather than reactive approach. Standards as defined by the Royal Commission are a set of legally enforceable numerical limit with a wider remit  [32]  . It is important to note that standards became a key part of the policy in the United Kingdom as set out in the White Paper in 1990 of the Department of the Environment. Standards are formed through a wide range of sources such as guidelines, codes of practice and also it sets out the criteria for the implementation of the policy based on a particular fact. Standards are developed by private or public bodies and may involve formal or informal rules and may apply different techniques for the implementation of such standards. The court may enforce standards if they are mandatory and also standards may be enforced through terms of contract, statutory framework or through legally enforceable licences. Some standards are voluntary so to say and cannot be enforced through the court and entirely depend on self judgement and self-regulation for their implementation and observance. An example of a voluntary or self-regulatory standard is the BS 7750  [33]  Environmental Standard. This standard was originally pioneered by the British Standards Institute which allows UK companies to introduce environmental management systems that implement standards contained in BS 7750. Another example of a voluntary standard is the ISO 14000  [34]  from the International Organisation for Standardisation. This standard has a similar objective objectives set in BS 7750. In 1995 work began on ISO 14031  [35]  which sets out guidance on evaluation of environmental performance and it operates around two basic indicators: Environmental condition indicators, which include air and water quality and indicators of biodiversity; Environmental performance indicators, which provide various parameters for evaluation of the environmental performance of organisations. This section will not be complete without acknowledging the significant importance of the EC Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) (Regulation 1836/93)  [36]  . Although it is still voluntary, its somewhat tougher than ISO 14001. It aims to encourage businesses and organisations to improve their environmental standards through a range of activities and many companies and organisations have adopted this standard. The next section will look at how all these legislations, standards, regulations and orders are being enforced through the court with the use of legal and economic instruments such as the polluter pays principle and IPPC in the UK. Use of criminal law to protect the environment In the UK, the Crown Prosecution Service is responsible for all criminal cases and the standard of proof is beyond reasonable doubt. It is important to understand how criminal law fits within the context of environmental regulation. Compliance is an important element in environmental law, as punishment by its nature is ex post facto and this poses a challenge in proving that criminal sanctions will constitute a deterrent especially in a situation where the enforcement strategies are weak, since in the past, environmental regulations have based on cooperation and self-restraint. But this weak enforcement regime has now been gradually replaced with a more confrontational approach as a result of a number of influences by the EU. The EU provides a more prescriptive and proactive approach to prevention of environmental pollutions  [37]  . This approach was incorporated by Environmental Agency under the Environmental Act 1995 and which has strengthened the weaknesses of traditional a pproach to environmental protection. The Environmental Agency is responsible for a whole range of sanctions which includes the use of criminal sanctions in accordance with Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006. Most pollution offences are based on strict liability and an offender who is guilty of accidental spillage or pollution is not able to claim that it was accident and hence, has to face the consequences. This measure will in no doubt provide the prosecution with wide and strong powers to enforce environmental regulations. Use of Civil Law in Enforcing Environmental Standards The court uses civil action to set standards and clarifies the rights of the parties involved. Civil proceedings arise when an individual who has suffered harm or damage brings an action against the individual or institution that caused the damage, or loss or harm with the complaint based on tort or any other legal wrong. Under environmental law, the tort of nuisance normally the cause of action, where the claimant claims or unlawful interference with his or her rights involving the use or enjoyment of land. It is difficult to ascertain what level of interference constitutes nuisance and that is the main limitation of this approach. Polluter Pays Principle In 1972, the OECD developed the idea that the person responsible for the pollution should be liable for the consequences of that pollution. I other words, the person should be involved in paying for the aftermaths of that pollution. The UK gradually adopted this principle into the legislation. This principle was first embedded in the Environmental Protection Act 1990 and then in the Environment Act 1995. The principle became enshrined in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, but had been in existence in the community before that date  [38]  . The Polluter Pays Principle is particularly useful in the case of waste disposal. The land fill tax has two main purposes; to reduce the amount of solid waste to landfill purely in terms of volume and secondly, to reduce the amount of methane generated from organic waste. The lower the amount of organic waste, the lower the quantity of methane which forms the greenhouse gas produced as a result of anaerobic degradation of waste in the landfill. The principle has been extended to incorporate various economic instruments such as carbon taxes aimed at reducing the burning of fossil fuels and the production of carbon dioxide, which is a key greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. This principle is difficult to apply and implement as it may be exploited by production companies and eventually, the final consumer will the cost of the pollution. This is because the production companies might add the cost of tax or penalty paid as part of the overall cost of production and then pass on to the buyer to pay. As a result, this might be very effective in inhibiting pollution. The polluter pays principle assumes that the polluter may be found and detected and in cases of historic pollution and contaminated land this is rarely the case. More so, the application of taxes such as landfill tax may result in evasion of payment by not disposing to landfill, with a concomitant increase in the illegal dumping of waste. Integrated Pollution and Control (IPC) and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) This is another useful legal instrument in regulation of the environment in the UK. This form of coordination of pollution control systems has been adapted under Part I of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. This more holistic approach  [39]  used by IPC acknowledges that environmental do not know geographic boundaries, and that pollution impacts on the society may require a pooling of scientific knowledge to control it. One relevant example is the emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuel in generation of electricity  [40]  . These gases dissolve in water droplets in the atmosphere, which obviously become part of acid rain in terrestrial and aquatic environments  [41]  . The Secretary of State support the work of IPC by approving the list of substances and processes which pass through IPC and the number is well over 2000 in England and Wales. The introduction of EC Directive on Integrated Pollution Preventi on and Control (96 / 61) further enhanced the work of IPC. The legislation necessary to implement the Directive is found in the Pollution Prevention Act 1999  [42]  . There are other examples of integrated approaches to environmental protection such as ecolabelling of products, the environmental auditing of installations and common pollution controls over pollution. These approaches will not be examined in this essay. Conclusion The question arises as to what extent is the concept of sustainable development implemented in law. As outlined above, the concept of sustainable development, in relation to reducing or preventing environmental pollutions have been implemented in the UK through setting various legislations and acts of law. These legislations have been implemented through the legal enforcement of environmental standards. The courts play two major roles. The first function is that the courts provide the means for the implementation and enforcement of regulatory standards. This enables grievances to be adjudicated and solutions found. In the second function of the courts in conflict resolution, they set their own performance standards through slowly evolving the common law on a case-by-case basis. These performance standards involve setting limits on human behaviour by imposing levels of civil and criminal liability which is believed will protect the integrity of the environment and ensure safety and good practice. Annotated references

4th Grade Science Quiz

Essay on Fighting for Equal Rights - 1724 Words

Jane Addams, Harriet Tubman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Rachel Carson were four American women who advocated for social change. Their courage, intelligence, strength and leadership made a positive difference in the lives of many people. These women were pioneers in their times. They either helped to found, or lent their voices to, various social movements, policies, and causes that evolved during their lifetimes and proved successful in helping many oppressed people. Jane Addams is most famous for her work in two major movements, the first of which is the Settlement House movement of the 1800s. Settlement houses, which first originated in England. These facilities were created in response to problems arising from immigration,†¦show more content†¦This signified a major break toward the fight for social justice and the profession of social work. They were using facts gathered from their work in the population to create structured methods of helping these people. Thro ugh these groundbreaking research studies, public policies were eventually enacted. Because of this kind of work in Hull House, Jane Addams emerged as a great leader in the social reform movement. She fought to write and edit legislation about housing, sanitation, factory regulations, immigrant right, and child labor laws. Addams firmly believed that every person deserved his or her equal share of rights as a citizen of the United States. She allowed union meetings to be held at Hull House and was a member of the Progressive Party (Izzo, 2010). While Hull House is arguably Jane Addams most famous project, another movement she is often associated with is the Peace Movement, which included the fight for women’s rights. Once World War I began, priorities in America shifted. Addams remained focused, however, on her party, the Women’s Peace Party, which she cofounded in 1915. 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Project Management for Construction

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Construction. Answer: Introduction: In this report, the consolidated property services organization will discuss that is a cleaning company. The consolidated property Services Company established in 1977 is a family business run by John Grant and Merry Grant. Both of them have experience in providing the quality cleaning services to the diverse types of industries either private or public in Sydney, Victoria, and Adelaide. Their services include educational facilities, retail cleaning and industrial cleaning. The consolidated property services have experience of 40 years and are far ahead to expand their business in the cleaning services (Hung et al., 2009) This report will examine the current issue of the company that is related to their employee engagement and the problem HR department face when the company takes a new contract for the business services. The reason for the HR department problem, when a new business contract takes is that there is not a specific training procedure for the employees of the company. To improve the training procedure for the employee development, first, the current situation of the company will be analysed and then, the improvement in the process can be done. The improvement can be done by using the concept and tools of designing and analysing the process. Concept and tools of the designing and analysing the process The objective of the designing and analysing the process is to have the knowledge about the function of the process and its interaction. The aim of the analysing phase of the designing process is to improve the process in a way to achieve the performance objectives of the process. The purpose of the process analysis is to understand the culture of the organization and its mission and relation of business with these processes that is analysed Identification and analysis of the current business processes and activities that are operating in the organization and how far these are able to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization (Wiki.opengrads.org, 2016) Same as the designing process of the Apple Company is analysed and sort out how much it helps in achieving the goals and objectives of the company. The result of the analysis phase is fed into the designing of the process whose objective is to Investigation of the options for achievement of the improvement by the redesigning of the process Identification and prioritization of the areas of the improvement Implementation of the designing process in accordance with the scheduled process In the Consolidated property services Company, the training process for the employee development is unable to fulfil the objectives of the performance that are cost, speed, dependability, flexibility, and quality. So, the company has to sort out the options for the improvement that focus on these performance objectives One decision should make in the prioritization of the analysis that what kind of the analysis is required strategic that is top down or the tactical that is bottom up. The strategic perspective is at the higher level that seeks to have knowledge of the processes that make the business and helps in delivering its value. The tactical perspective is at the lower level that seeks to have the knowledge of the activities that supports the designing of the process. In some of the projects, the workshop team spends most of their time in analysing the area of the improvement and in some projects; the workshop team spends time in designing the improved processes (Karpuschewski et. al., 2014). According to the nature and perspective of the process design project, they are divided into two types Design-led process design projects: For these types of the projects, the Clean slate approach is used. In this approach, the workshop teams design the new processes by considering the current situation of the organization. However, an analysis phase is the part of the designing process that is essential for having the knowledge of the drawbacks of the current process and what types of the improvements are required on the priority basis for the achievement of the goal of the organization (www.cibis.com.au, 2016). Therefore, the design-led projects are based on the redesigning of the current process, but they also have the analysis as the essential part of their project. Analysis-led process design project: In many of the projects that are IT driven, the aim and objective of the analysis phase are to have the knowledge of the processes that can be automated. This analysis phase ensures the best fit between the selected technologies and processes and gives an indication that how the technology will be configured (Pinnington et al., 2008). In this type of the situation, there is no time or little time be allocated for the improvement of the existing processes. However, some of the designing work is always required for the assurance of the best use of the technology. In any type of the project or any type of the perspective, it is necessary to spend the time to understand the current processes of the organization. This will help to clarify the language used by the business to describe their processes and provide the basis for the improvement in the designing the business process. The Consolidated property services Company has to spend the time to analyse the current process and what are its drawback and then sort out the areas that should be improved on a priority basis to achieve the goals and objective of the company. The Consolidated Property Services Company has to redesign its training process for the employee development so that it can achieve all the five objectives of the performance (Consolidated Property Services, 2016). They can use any one of the projects that are a design-led and analysis-led project to improve the designing process. In the consolidated property service company, there is very little or no employee development. The reason behind this is the least effective training program of the company that not facilitates the engagement of the employee in the organization. The consolidated property services company has to improve its training program that provides the career development opportunity to the organization. The effective training program in addition to the career development helps in motivation and retention of the employees. Hence the training program of the company can be improved by doing the analysis of the current situation of the company and its training programs. The company has to analyse the drawbacks and limitations of the current training programs and improvement that should be done on the priority basis to improve the training system of the company (Pmbook.ce.cmu.edu, 2016). For all this, the company should analyse the current training services provided to the employees by the HR departm ent and how these training services help in the achievement of the five performance objectives that are cost, speed, quality, flexibility, and dependability. Employee development in the consolidated property services For the employee development, training is necessary at all levels. It provides the main sources of the welfare and maintains a balance between the knowledge of the company and the skill of the individual. Training assists the employee for their current jobs. The HRM training service in the Consolidated Property Services In their current HRM policies and practices, the Consolidated Property Services provide appropriate training, learning material, knowledge, skills and toolbox meeting to all the staff from the causal cleaning staff to the operations manager for performing their better current job. The training practice involves showing a machinist that how the machine operates, a salesperson coaching that how the sale of the product can be done, the training of the supervisor that how to interview and appraise the employees. However, the company required a high-quality training program for the employee development as the company is expanding in the market as the professional cleaning and by considering the demands of customers and clients and also for the retention of the valuable and talented staff members to avoid the external recruitment (Runhaar, 2016). This is known as direct promotion and selection by the management. The advantage of this system is that it provide opportunity and motivation of the own employee's addition to its fast decision that allows the management to review its reward system. Current situation of the employee development The Human Resource Management team of the consolidated property services has strong for the development of their employees. Nevertheless, they do not follow the right path for the achievement of this goal. One year ago, they started the new project that is known as talent mapping, but it has been small in terms of progress. The project follows the current senior management has to put together a nomination form that has the name of the employees that have skill, knowledge and qualification and experience for the new contract and these employees can access the leadership skills and competencies as such Ensures accountability: they hold self and other accountable for the commitments Stakeholders relationship: they build and work collaboratively with the other employees to achieve the common objectives Communicate effectively: they can develop and deliver multi-code communication that provides the clear understanding needs for the different audience. Customer-focus: can build strong customer relationship and provide customer-centring solution Financial acumen: for the better business decision, interpretation and application of understanding of key financial indicators Leadership: they can provide direction, delegation and able to remove obstacles for the completion of the task Drives result: should be consistently achieved result also under the tough circumstances Self-awareness demonstration: should use feedback and reflection in combination to gain the productive insight into strength and weakness of the person Decision quality: can make good and on time decision that helps the organization to move forward Plans and alignment: should plan and prioritize the work to meet commitment by aligning with the objectives of the organization. After one year of the establishment of the above criteria, nothing is done or said within the HR department of the Consolidated Property Services. The development program seems to be on hold for the reason that may not be known, this leads to the need for the external recruitment for the new contracts, although the list of the suitable candidates is present in the organization (Baker et al., 2000) Regardless, of the all internal research and information are given by the senior management to the HR team, the HR team after collection, recollection of the information and few meeting to discuss the development program, no one from the HR department meet to the selected employees for the establishment of a mentoring relationship. In the last, the selected candidates change their carrier and leave the company. In the above development program, there are many drawbacks and limitations. But, the main drawback is the improper functioning of the HR department and improper implementation of the training program. Improved practice to develop a career training program in the Corporate Property services For the improvement of the training program the consolidated property services company that is required for the positive employee development, the company has to follow a systematic process. Training process initiatives that stand alone mostly fails to fulfill the goals and objectives of the organization and the expectation of the participants. Therefore, the consolidated property services company should follow the five steps to develop an effective training program. Assessment of the needs of the training: the first step of the effective training program is the identification and assessment of the training needs. These training needs may be assessed in the strategic plan of the organization, in the developmental plan of the human resource or the individual. Set the objectives of the training program: the assessment of the training program will define the gaps of the current training and the sets of the employees. These gaps will analyze and prioritize in the training process and assume as the training objectives. The main goal of the training process is to fill the gap between the current training process and performance desired from the training process. At the level of the employee, the training process should match the improvement areas that are evaluated from 3600 evaluation. Development of the training action plan: the third step is the development of action plan that includes instructional design, learning theories, contents and other training elements of the training process. The methods and resources of the training delivery should be detailed in the training process. In the development of the training program, the learning style of the participants, training level, need to take into consideration. Most of the companies pilot the initiatives and collect feedback for the adjustment before the launch of the training program. Implementation of the training program: the implementation step is the step in which the new training process starts working. At this step, the organization has to decide whether the training program is delivered in house or coordinated externally. The implementation of the training process is the making schedule for the training program and organization for the related resources. Then the new training program is applied, conducted and promoted. To know the effectiveness of the training program, the progress of the participants is monitored. Evaluation and revision of the training: the training program should be monitored continuously. It should evaluate that the training is successful in filling the gaps of the previous training program and performance desired from the training process. Feedback should collect from all the stakeholders to determine the effectiveness of the new training program. Conclusion The consolidated property services company is a cleaning company that started in 1977. It is a family business run by John Grant and Merry Grant (Businessballs.com, 2016). The company faces the problem of the employee engagement and development and HR department has to recruit new external staff when the company takes a new contract. This whole problem caused due to the improper training program of the company. The development program of the company that supports the development of the employees and employees change their career path and leave the organization. The company has created the development program for the employee in which the senior management makes a list of the employees that take the responsibility of the leadership when a new assignment will take by the organization. This list will create through the internal analysis and by collecting the information about the skills, knowledge, experience and qualification of the employee. The senior management made the list and sen d it to the HR department, but the HR department did not make any mentor relation with the employees. In the last, the employees change their career path and leave the organization. Hence, the development program did not support the development and engagement of the employees. So, there is a need for the company to improve its training program for the employee development (Soto and Litan, 2001). The company has to develop the training program by analysing the internal environment, goal, and objectives of the company and key skills and attitude that are required by the employee for the success of the goal of the company. Then, the company has to make a development-training program by following the five steps of the effective training program that are assessment of the training needs and objectives of the company, set the objectives of the training process, development of the action plan, implementation of the training process and evaluation and revision of the training process. This effective five steps training program will improve the employee development, engagement and retention. References Baker, D., Walsh, M. and Marjerison, L. (2000). High-Performance Leadership at the Process Level.Advances in Developing Human Resources, 2(2), pp.47-72. Business.govt.nz. (2016).Training and development | Business.govt.nz. [online] Available at: https://www.business.govt.nz/staff-and-hr/employee-and-team-performance/training-and-development [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016]. Businessballs.com. (2016).training and development. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/traindev.htm [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016]. Consolidated Property Services. (2016).Consolidated Property Services | Cleaning Company. [online] Available at: https://www.consolidated.com.au/ [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016]. Hung, R., Lien, B. and McLean, G. (2009). Knowledge Management Initiatives, Organizational Process Alignment, Social Capital, and Dynamic Capabilities.Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3), pp.320-333. Karpuschewski, B., Goldau, H. and Stolze, R. (2014). Process force and technology model for designing and controlling finishing operations with rotating grinding tools.CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 63(1), pp.337-340. Pinnington, A., Kamoche, K. and Suseno, Y. (2008). Property in knowledge work: an appropriationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ learning perspective.Employee Relations, 31(1), pp.57-80. Pmbook.ce.cmu.edu. (2016).Project Management for Construction: Organizing for Project Management. [online] Available at: https://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/02_Organizing_For_Project_Management.html [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016]. Runhaar, P. (2016). How can schools and teachers benefit from human resources management? Conceptualising HRM from content and process perspectives.Educational Management Administration Leadership. Soto, H. and Litan, R. (2001). Effective Property Rights and Economic Development: Next Steps.Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, 2001(1), pp.251-271. van Rooij, S. and Merkebu, J. (2015). Measuring the Business Impact of Employee Learning: A View From the Professional Services Sector.Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), pp.275-297. Wiki.opengrads.org. (2016).Consolidated Property Services Consolidated Property Services - OpenGrADS. [online] Available at: https://wiki.opengrads.org/index.php?title=Consolidated_Property_Services_Consolidated_Property_Services [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016]. www.cibis.com.au, C. (2016).Step 5: Improving practice | Construction and Property Services Industry Skills Council Ltd. [online] Cpsisc.com.au. Available at: https://www.cpsisc.com.au/resource-centre/rtos/TA-Resources/RTOGoodPractice/GdpracBD/Step5ImprovingBD [Accessed 13 Aug. 2016].